Programming languages and Methodologies

Computer invention is a wonderful invention and it made the
lifestyle and work easy. After invent this computers many approaches of program
development have been evolved. Top down and bottom up programming and
structured programming are the programming approaches.

All the programming approaches mainly deal with to reduce
the complexity of the program.

Language paradigms were associated with classes of
languages.  Paradigms are defined as
“patterns of thought for problem solving”. The people divide these approaches
into two parts.

Those are:    1.
Imperative

                    2.
Declarative

These are also classified into different approaches.

Below is the diagram describes different model of
programming approaches.

 

First we look at the above paradigms:

        Imperative
programming paradigm:  Imperative is all
about provide an impression and is “Expressing a command or order”. In this
approach programmer describes the details of results how to obtain it. In this
approach the program starts from step by step the entire set of instruction
goes though the end. This imperative programming approach is divides into two
categories namely procedural and object oriented.

2     Procedural
programming paradigm: This approach is based on statements. These languages are
statement oriented with the variables holding values. A series of statements
are executed to perform the task. Statements are two types’ executable and non
executable. Executable statements are computation, flow of data and input and
output. Non executable statements are allocating memory and initialize memory.
Mainly this approach deals of states of variable memory locations. 

3       Object
oriented programming paradigm: This programming paradigm is most powerful and
everything is centered on object. An object is nothing but a real world entity.
In this approach programmer consists of two things set of objects and interact
to them. This is most widely used technique.

4     Declarative
programming paradigm:  It is a value
oriented programming approach. It describes the relationships between variables
in terms of functions and inference rules. This approach is divided into
functional and logical approach.

5     Functional
Programming paradigm: It mainly deals with functions. A program must consist of
collection of functions. A function is returning a value. A program consists of
calling function with appropriate arguments, but any function use another
function also.

6       Logical
Programming paradigm: In this approach programmer explains what is to be
computed. A program is represented by a set of relationships, between objects
and properties. It integrates data and control structures.