Overview
Bhutan, a landlocked nation located in the Eastern Himalayas, is bordered by China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. Covering an area of approximately 38,394 square kilometers (14,824 square miles), Bhutan’s diverse geography includes lush subtropical plains in the south, temperate zones, and the subalpine Himalayan mountains in the north, which peak at Gangkhar Puensum, the highest unclimbed mountain in the world, standing at 7,570 meters (24,836 feet).
Topography
Southern Plains
The southern region of Bhutan, known as the Duars Plain, lies at elevations ranging from 200 to 2,000 meters (660 to 6,560 feet). This area is characterized by dense forests and fertile valleys. The Duars Plain transitions into the rugged terrain of the Himalayan foothills, which rise abruptly, creating a series of steep ridges and deep gorges.
Central Highlands
Moving northward, the terrain transitions into the central highlands, with elevations ranging between 2,000 and 3,000 meters (6,560 to 9,840 feet). This region, known as the Inner Himalayas, features deep valleys and fertile terraces used for agriculture. Major rivers, such as the Wang Chhu, Sunkosh, and Mangde Chhu, flow through these valleys, fed by glacial melt and monsoon rains.
Northern Alpine Region
The northern region of Bhutan is dominated by the high peaks of the Eastern Himalayas. Elevations here exceed 3,000 meters (9,840 feet), with several peaks rising above 7,000 meters (22,970 feet). This area includes vast alpine meadows, glacial lakes, and steep, snow-covered slopes. The highest point is Gangkhar Puensum, the world’s tallest unclimbed mountain. The harsh climate in this region restricts human habitation, but it is a crucial source of Bhutan’s freshwater and is home to rare wildlife species.
Climate
Bhutan’s climate varies widely due to its topographical diversity, ranging from subtropical in the southern plains to temperate in the central highlands and alpine in the north. The southern region experiences hot, humid summers and mild winters. In contrast, the central highlands enjoy warm summers and cool winters, with significant rainfall during the monsoon season from June to September. The northern alpine region has harsh winters with heavy snowfall and short, cool summers.
Rivers and Lakes
Bhutan's river systems originate in the Himalayan glaciers and are fed by monsoon rains. Major rivers include the Drangme Chhu, the Puna Tsang Chhu, the Wang Chhu, and the Amo Chhu. These rivers flow southward, carving deep valleys and providing essential water for agriculture, hydropower, and drinking. Bhutan’s numerous glacial lakes, located primarily in the north, are critical for maintaining river flow and supporting biodiversity.
Flora and Fauna
Bhutan’s geography supports a wide range of ecosystems and a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The southern plains are covered with dense subtropical forests, home to species like the Bengal tiger and the Indian rhinoceros. The temperate central regions are characterized by mixed conifer forests, broadleaf forests, and rhododendron shrubs, providing habitat for species such as the red panda and the Himalayan black bear. The alpine region supports meadows and scrublands where blue sheep and snow leopards are found.
Conservation Efforts
Bhutan is dedicated to preserving its natural environment, with more than 51% of its land area designated as protected areas, including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biological corridors. This commitment is integral to Bhutan’s philosophy of Gross National Happiness, which balances environmental conservation with sustainable development.
In summary, Bhutan's geography, with its dramatic variations in elevation and climate, creates a rich tapestry of ecosystems and landscapes. From the subtropical plains in the south to the towering peaks in the north, Bhutan's natural beauty is matched by its commitment to preserving its unique environment.